RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Apathy, a disabling and poorly understood neuropsychiatric symptom, is characterised by impaired self-initiated behaviour. It has been hypothesised that the opportunity cost of time (OCT) may be a key computational variable linking self-initiated behaviour with motivational status. OCT represents the amount of reward which is foregone per second if no action is taken. Using a novel behavioural task and computational modelling, we investigated the relationship between OCT, self-initiation and apathy. We predicted that higher OCT would engender shorter action latencies, and that individuals with greater sensitivity to OCT would have higher behavioural apathy. METHODS: We modulated the OCT in a novel task called the 'Fisherman Game', Participants freely chose when to self-initiate actions to either collect rewards, or on occasion, to complete non-rewarding actions. We measured the relationship between action latencies, OCT and apathy for each participant across two independent non-clinical studies, one under laboratory conditions (n = 21) and one online (n = 90). 'Average-reward' reinforcement learning was used to model our data. We replicated our findings across both studies. RESULTS: We show that the latency of self-initiation is driven by changes in the OCT. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, that participants with higher apathy showed greater sensitivity to changes in OCT in younger adults. Our model shows that apathetic individuals experienced greatest change in subjective OCT during our task as a consequence of being more sensitive to rewards. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that OCT is an important variable for determining free-operant action initiation and understanding apathy.
Asunto(s)
Apatía , Adulto , Humanos , Cognición , Simulación por Computador , Motivación , Refuerzo en PsicologíaRESUMEN
The learning ecosystem is the unified whole formed by education and its surrounding environment, including human elements such as the internal school education system and organization and non-human factors such as the external soft and challenging environment. However, the global COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 has led to large-scale home-based learning among students, which has broken the original ecological balance of learning. The interaction between the four elements of the traditional instructional system cannot explain all the teaching behavior. Based on the research perspective of large-scale home-based learning, this paper proposes to add family and technology into the original teaching system framework to form a new family-school linkage instructional System framework, including school education, family education, online teaching, and other types of education, improve the learning ecosystem and provide new thinking for the education and teaching in the post-epidemic era.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the methods of pharmaceutical treatment and care of COVID-19 in child by clinical pharmacist. METHODS: Clinical pharmacist was involved in the treatment of the first case of COVID-19 in child in our hospital and provided the full range of clinical pharmacy services, assisting phyicians to optimize the medication regimen, on the basis of the patient's condition and laboratory results,combined with clinical practice. Potential drug interactions and adverse reactions were analyzed during treatment through drug recombination and monitor the efficacy of therapy. RESULTS: The child was treated with traditional Chinese medicine by orally, inhaled atomized interferon antivira and was RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2 after treatment. CONCLUSION: Clinical pharmacists should use pharmaceutical care as an entry point to participate in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The drug monitoring service will conductive to improving the effectiveness, rationality, and safety of children's medication while improving medication compliance.